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Explore evidence-based articles on animal welfare, covering farming practices, ethics, standards and food-system impacts with evidence-led analysis.

A chicken is housed indoors. There is a small gap leading to an outdoor space, but the chickens do not go there.

What does 'free range' really mean? The facts behind the label

Free range labels don't guarantee outdoor access. The legal definitions are weaker than most consumers expect — here's exactly what the standards require.

A cow looks at the camera and is in a farm setting. The cow is eating grass, despite being kept indoors and not out on pasture. This highlights the issues with the "grass-fed" label.

What does “grass-fed” really mean? The meaning behind the label

Grass-fed labels don't guarantee pasture access — some animals are fed dried grass indoors. Here's what the certification standards actually require.

A brown cow standing in a misty green pasture beside a wooden fence, looking gently toward the camera

Can slaughter ever be humane? A closer look at the industry standard

The industry claims humane slaughter is possible — but animal welfare researchers say evidence shows otherwise. Here's a critical look at the actual…

A glass of fresh milk beside a clear glass milk bottle on a rustic wooden kitchen table

No, your milk isn’t full of pus. But here’s what is in it

Milk contains somatic cells, not pus, but that distinction matters. Here's what's actually in your milk and what the evidence says about its safety.

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